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Retirement planning is the application of actuarial science to personal wealth management. In financial metrology, this represents the calculation of a Terminal Corpus—the total capital required to sustain life after the cessation of active wage-earning.
A cornerstone of retirement modeling is the Trinity Study, which identified the Safe Withdrawal Rate (SWR). For a portfolio consisting of 50% stocks and 50% bonds, a 4% annual withdrawal (adjusted for inflation) has historically provided a high probability of capital survival over a 30-year horizon.
Withdrawal = Corpus × 0.04Standard deterministic calculators assume a smooth linear return. In reality, the Sequence of Returns matters more than the average return. Experiencing a "Bear Market" in the first 2-3 years of retirement can irreversibly deplete the corpus.
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At age 65